Menene Ingancin Iska?

Iska mai tsafta tana da matuƙar muhimmanci ga rayuwa mai kyau, amma a cewar Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO), kusan kashi 99% na al'ummar duniya suna shaƙar iska fiye da ƙa'idar da ta tanada na gurɓatar iska. "Ingancin iska shine ma'aunin yawan abubuwan da ke cikin iska, wanda ya haɗa da barbashi da gurɓatattun iska," in ji Kristina Pistone, wata masaniyar bincike a Cibiyar Bincike ta NASA Ames. Binciken Pistone ya shafi yanayin yanayi da yanayin yanayi, tare da mai da hankali kan tasirin barbashi na yanayi akan yanayi da gajimare. "Yana da mahimmanci a fahimci ingancin iska domin yana shafar lafiyar ku da kuma yadda za ku iya rayuwa da kuma yin rayuwar ku ta yau da kullun," in ji Pistone. Mun zauna da Pistone don ƙarin koyo game da ingancin iska da kuma yadda zai iya yin tasiri ga lafiyar ɗan adam da muhalli.

Me ke daidaita ingancin iska?
Akwai manyan gurɓatattun iska guda shida da Hukumar Kare Muhalli (EPA) ke sarrafawa a Amurka: barbashi (PM), nitrogen oxides, ozone, sulfur oxides, carbon monoxide, da gubar. Waɗannan gurɓatattun abubuwa suna fitowa ne daga tushen halitta, kamar barbashi da ke tashi zuwa sararin samaniya daga gobara da ƙurar hamada, ko kuma daga ayyukan ɗan adam, kamar ozone da ake samarwa daga hasken rana wanda ke amsawa ga hayakin ababen hawa.

Menene muhimmancin ingancin iska?
Ingancin iska yana tasiri ga lafiya da ingancin rayuwa. "Kamar yadda muke buƙatar shan ruwa, haka muke buƙatar shaƙar iska," in ji Pistone. "Mun zo ga tsammanin ruwa mai tsabta domin mun fahimci cewa muna buƙatarsa ​​don rayuwa da kuma kasancewa cikin koshin lafiya, kuma ya kamata mu yi tsammanin haka daga iskarmu."

Rashin ingancin iska yana da alaƙa da tasirin zuciya da jijiyoyin jini da kuma numfashi a jikin ɗan adam. Misali, shan nitrogen dioxide na ɗan gajeren lokaci (NO2), na iya haifar da alamun numfashi kamar tari da fitar da iska, kuma shan iska na dogon lokaci yana ƙara haɗarin kamuwa da cututtukan numfashi kamar asma ko cututtukan numfashi. Shaƙar iskar ozone na iya ƙara ta'azzara huhu da lalata hanyoyin iska. Shaƙar iskar PM2.5 (ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta 2.5 micrometers ko ƙasa da haka) yana haifar da ƙaiƙayi a huhu kuma an danganta shi da cututtukan zuciya da huhu.

Baya ga tasirin da yake yi wa lafiyar ɗan adam, rashin kyawun iska na iya lalata muhalli, yana gurɓata ruwan ta hanyar ƙara yawan acid da kuma fitar da ruwa daga jiki. Waɗannan hanyoyin suna kashe shuke-shuke, suna lalata abinci mai gina jiki a ƙasa, kuma suna cutar da dabbobi.

Auna Ingancin Iska: Ma'aunin Ingancin Iska (AQI)
Ingancin iska yana kama da yanayi; yana iya canzawa da sauri, koda cikin awanni kaɗan. Don aunawa da bayar da rahoto game da ingancin iska, EPA tana amfani da Ma'aunin Ingancin Iska na Amurka (AQI). Ana ƙididdige AQI ta hanyar auna kowanne daga cikin manyan gurɓatattun iska guda shida akan sikelin daga "Mai kyau" zuwa "Mai haɗari," don samar da jimlar ƙimar AQI 0-500.

"Yawancin lokaci idan muna magana game da ingancin iska, muna cewa akwai abubuwa a cikin yanayi waɗanda muka san ba su da kyau ga ɗan adam ya yi numfashi a kowane lokaci," in ji Pistone. "Don haka don samun ingantaccen iska, kuna buƙatar kasancewa ƙasa da wani matakin gurɓatawa." Yankuna a duk faɗin duniya suna amfani da matakai daban-daban don ingancin iska mai kyau, wanda galibi ya dogara ne akan abin da gurɓatattun abubuwa ke auna tsarin su. A cikin tsarin EPA, ana ɗaukar ƙimar AQI na 50 ko ƙasa da haka mai kyau, yayin da ake ɗaukar 51-100 matsakaici. Ana ɗaukar ƙimar AQI tsakanin 100 da 150 mara kyau ga ƙungiyoyi masu hankali, kuma ƙimar da ta fi girma ba ta da lafiya ga kowa; ana bayar da sanarwar lafiya lokacin da AQI ta kai 200. Duk wani ƙima sama da 300 ana ɗaukarsa mai haɗari, kuma galibi ana danganta shi da gurɓataccen barbashi daga gobarar daji.

Binciken Ingancin Iska da Kayayyakin Bayanai na NASA
Na'urori masu auna ingancin iska suna da matuƙar amfani wajen ɗaukar bayanai game da ingancin iska a matakin gida.
A shekarar 2022, ƙungiyar Trace Gas Group (TGGR) a Cibiyar Bincike ta NASA Ames ta ƙaddamar da Fasaha Mai Sauƙi ta Na'urar Sensor ta Yanar Gizo don Binciken Gurɓatawa, ko INSTEP: sabuwar hanyar sadarwa ta na'urori masu auna iska mai rahusa waɗanda ke auna gurɓatattun abubuwa iri-iri. Waɗannan na'urori masu auna suna ɗaukar bayanai game da ingancin iska a wasu yankuna a California, Colorado, da Mongolia, kuma sun tabbatar da fa'ida wajen sa ido kan ingancin iska a lokacin gobarar California.

Binciken Ingancin Iskar Asiya na 2024 da Tauraron Dan Adam (ASIA-AQ) ya haɗa bayanai daga jiragen sama, tauraron dan adam, da dandamali na ƙasa don tantance ingancin iska a ƙasashe da dama a Asiya. Ana amfani da bayanan da aka ɗauka daga kayan aiki da yawa akan waɗannan jiragen, kamar Tsarin Ma'aunin Yanayi (MMS) daga Reshen Kimiyyar Yanayi na NASA Ames, don inganta samfuran ingancin iska don yin hasashen da tantance yanayin ingancin iska.

A duk faɗin hukumar, NASA tana da nau'ikan tauraron dan adam masu lura da duniya da sauran fasahohi don kamawa da bayar da rahoton bayanai game da ingancin iska. A shekarar 2023, NASA ta ƙaddamar da aikin Tropospheric Emissions: Monitoring of Pollution (TEMPO), wanda ke auna ingancin iska da gurɓatawa a Arewacin Amurka. Kayan aikin NASA na Ƙasa, Yanayi kusa da ainihin lokaci na Ƙarfin Lura da Duniya (LANCE) yana ba wa masu hasashen ingancin iska ma'auni da aka tattara daga kayan aikin NASA da yawa, cikin awanni uku bayan an lura da shi.

Domin samun ingantaccen yanayin iska mai kyau, za mu iya sa ido kan bayanai kan ingancin iska a ainihin lokaci. Ga na'urori masu aunawa waɗanda za su iya auna sigogi daban-daban na ingancin iska.