Menene ingancin iska?

Tsaftataccen iska yana da mahimmanci ga rayuwa mai koshin lafiya, amma a cewar Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO), kusan kashi 99% na al'ummar duniya suna shakar iskar da ta zarce ka'idojin gurɓacewar iska. "Kyakkyawan iska shine ma'auni na yawan kayan da ke cikin iska, wanda ya haɗa da barbashi da gurɓataccen iska," in ji Kristina Pistone, masanin kimiyyar bincike a NASA Ames Research Center. Binciken Pistone ya shafi duka yanayi da wuraren yanayi, tare da mai da hankali kan tasirin abubuwan da ke cikin yanayi akan yanayi da gajimare. "Yana da mahimmanci a fahimci ingancin iska saboda yana shafar lafiyar ku da kuma yadda za ku iya rayuwa da kuma tafiyar da rayuwar ku," in ji Pistone. Mun zauna tare da Pistone don ƙarin koyo game da ingancin iska da kuma yadda zai iya yin tasiri ga lafiyar ɗan adam da muhalli.

Menene ingancin iska?
Akwai manyan gurɓataccen iska guda shida da Hukumar Kare Muhalli (EPA) ke tsarawa a cikin Amurka: ƙwayoyin cuta (PM), nitrogen oxides, ozone, sulfur oxides, carbon monoxide, da gubar. Waɗannan gurɓatattun abubuwa suna fitowa ne daga maɓuɓɓugar halitta, kamar ɓangarorin da ke tashi zuwa sararin samaniya daga gobara da ƙurar hamada, ko kuma daga ayyukan ɗan adam, irin su ozone da ke fitowa daga hasken rana da ke mayar da martani ga hayaƙin abin hawa.

Menene mahimmancin ingancin iska?
Ingancin iska yana tasiri lafiya da ingancin rayuwa. "Kamar yadda muke buƙatar shayar da ruwa, muna buƙatar shaka iska," in ji Pistone. "Mun zo tsammanin ruwa mai tsafta ne saboda mun fahimci cewa muna bukatar shi don mu rayu kuma mu kasance cikin koshin lafiya, kuma ya kamata mu yi tsammanin hakan daga iska."

An danganta rashin ingancin iska da cututtukan zuciya da na numfashi a cikin mutane. Haɗuwa da ɗan gajeren lokaci zuwa nitrogen dioxide (NO2), alal misali, na iya haifar da alamun numfashi kamar tari da hushi, kuma bayyanar dogon lokaci yana ƙara haɗarin kamuwa da cututtukan numfashi kamar asma ko cututtukan numfashi. Bayyanawa ga ozone na iya kara tsananta huhu da lalata hanyoyin iska. Bayyanawa ga PM2.5 (ya ƙunshi 2.5 micrometers ko ƙarami) yana haifar da haushin huhu kuma an danganta shi da cututtukan zuciya da huhu.

Baya ga tasirinsa ga lafiyar ɗan adam, ƙarancin ingancin iska na iya lalata muhalli, gurɓatar da ruwa ta hanyar acidification da eutrophiation. Wadannan matakai suna kashe tsire-tsire, suna rage kayan abinci na ƙasa, kuma suna cutar da dabbobi.

Auna ingancin iska: Ma'aunin ingancin iska (AQI)
Ingancin iska yana kama da yanayin; yana iya canzawa da sauri, ko da a cikin sa'o'i kaɗan. Don aunawa da bayar da rahoto game da ingancin iska, EPA tana amfani da Ma'aunin ingancin iska na Amurka (AQI). Ana ƙididdige AQI ta hanyar auna kowane ɗayan gurɓataccen iska guda shida na farko akan ma'auni daga "Mai kyau" zuwa "Haɗari," don samar da haɗin ƙima na AQI 0-500.

"Yawanci lokacin da muke magana game da ingancin iska, muna cewa akwai abubuwa a cikin yanayin da muka san ba su da kyau ga mutane su kasance suna numfashi a kowane lokaci," in ji Pistone. "Don haka don samun ingancin iska mai kyau, kuna buƙatar kasancewa ƙasa da ƙaƙƙarfan ƙazamin ƙazanta." Yankuna a duk faɗin duniya suna amfani da ƙofa daban-daban don ingancin iska mai kyau "mai kyau", wanda galibi ya dogara da abin da ke gurɓata matakan tsarin su. A cikin tsarin EPA, ana ɗaukar ƙimar AQI na 50 ko ƙasa da kyau, yayin da 51-100 ke ɗaukar matsakaici. Ƙimar AQI tsakanin 100 da 150 ana ɗaukar rashin lafiya ga ƙungiyoyi masu mahimmanci, kuma mafi girma dabi'u ba su da lafiya ga kowa da kowa; Ana ba da faɗakarwar lafiya lokacin da AQI ya kai 200. Duk wani ƙima sama da 300 ana ɗaukarsa mai haɗari, kuma ana danganta shi da gurɓataccen gurɓataccen iska daga gobarar daji.

Binciken ingancin iska na NASA da samfuran bayanai
Na'urori masu auna ingancin iska hanya ce mai mahimmanci don ɗaukar bayanan ingancin iska akan matakin gida.
A cikin 2022, Trace Gas GRoup (TGGR) a Cibiyar Bincike ta NASA Ames ta tura Fasahar Sensor Mai Rahusa don Neman Gurɓata, ko INSTEP: sabuwar hanyar sadarwa na na'urori masu auna iska mai rahusa wanda ke auna nau'ikan gurɓatawa. Waɗannan na'urori masu auna firikwensin suna ɗaukar bayanan ingancin iska a wasu yankuna a California, Colorado, da Mongoliya, kuma sun tabbatar da fa'ida don lura da ingancin iska yayin lokacin gobarar California.

Binciken 2024 Airborne and Satellite Research of Asian Air Quality (ASIA-AQ) manufa hadedde bayanan firikwensin daga jiragen sama, tauraron dan adam, da dandamali na tushen ƙasa don kimanta ingancin iska akan ƙasashe da yawa a Asiya. Bayanan da aka ɗauka daga na'urori da yawa akan waɗannan jiragen sama, kamar Tsarin Ma'aunin Yanayi (MMS) daga NASA Ames Atmospheric Science Branch, ana amfani da su don tace samfuran ingancin iska don yin hasashe da tantance yanayin ingancin iska.

A fadin hukumar, NASA tana da kewayon tauraron dan adam masu kallon duniya da sauran fasaha don kamawa da bayar da rahoton ingancin iska. A cikin 2023, NASA ta ƙaddamar da iskar Tropospheric: sa ido kan gurɓacewar yanayi (TEMPO), wanda ke auna ingancin iska da gurɓataccen iska a Arewacin Amurka. Ƙasar NASA, Yanayi Kusa da Ƙarfin Ƙarfafa Duniya (LANCE) kayan aiki yana ba da ma'aunin ingancin iska tare da ma'auni da aka tattara daga tarin kayan aikin NASA, cikin sa'o'i uku da kallonsa.

Domin samun ingantaccen yanayin ingancin iska, zamu iya saka idanu akan bayanan ingancin iska a ainihin lokacin. Wadannan su ne na'urori masu auna firikwensin da za su iya auna ma'aunin ingancin iska daban-daban