Farfesa Boyd ya tattauna wani muhimmin abu mai haifar da damuwa wanda zai iya kashe ko haifar da rashin cin abinci, jinkirin girma da kuma ƙarin saurin kamuwa da cututtuka
Sanannen abu ne a tsakanin masu noman ruwa cewa samuwar halittun abinci na halitta yana iyakance samar da jatan lande da yawancin nau'ikan kifaye a cikin tafkuna zuwa kimanin kilogiram 500 a kowace hekta a kowace amfanin gona (kg/ha/amfanin gona). A cikin al'adun da ke da ƙarancin amfani, tare da ciyar da aka ƙera da kuma musayar ruwa a kowace rana amma babu iska, yawan samarwa yawanci yana iya kaiwa kilogiram 1,500-2,000 a kowace hekta, amma a lokacin da aka sami yawan amfanin gona, adadin abincin da ake buƙata yana haifar da babban haɗarin ƙarancin yawan DO. Don haka, iskar oxygen da aka narkar (DO) muhimmin canji ne a cikin ƙaruwar yawan amfanin gona na kamun kifi a cikin tafki.
Ana iya amfani da iskar gas ta injina don ƙara yawan abincin da za a iya ciyarwa da kuma ba da damar samun yawan amfanin ƙasa. Kowace ƙarfin dawaki a kowace hekta na iskar gas zai ba da damar kimanin kilogiram 10-12 na abinci a kowace rana ga yawancin nau'ikan al'adu. Samar da kilogiram 10,000-12,000/ha/girma ba sabon abu bane tare da yawan iskar gas mai yawa. Ana iya samun ƙarin yawan amfanin ƙasa a cikin tafkuna da tankuna masu rufin filastik tare da yawan iskar gas mai yawa.
Ba kasafai ake jin labarin shaƙewa ko damuwa da ke da alaƙa da iskar oxygen a cikin samar da kaji, aladu da shanu da ake kiwo a wuri mai yawa ba, amma waɗannan abubuwan sun zama ruwan dare a cikin kiwon kaji. Za a yi bayani kan dalilan da ya sa iskar oxygen da ke narkewa take da matuƙar muhimmanci a kiwon kaji.
Iskar da ke kusa da saman duniya tana ɗauke da kashi 20.95 na iskar oxygen, kashi 78.08 na nitrogen, da ƙananan kashi na iskar carbon dioxide da sauran iskar gas. Adadin iskar oxygen da ake buƙata don cika ruwa mai tsafta a matsakaicin matsin lamba na yanayi (mililita 760 na mercury) da digiri 30-C shine 7.54 mg a kowace lita (mg/L). Tabbas, a lokacin da ake yin photosynthesis a rana, ruwan da ke cikin tafki yawanci yana cike da DO (yawan zai iya zama 10 mg/L ko fiye a cikin ruwan saman), saboda samar da iskar oxygen ta hanyar photosynthesis ya fi asarar iskar oxygen ta hanyar numfashi da yaɗuwa zuwa iska. Da daddare lokacin da photosynthesis ya tsaya, yawan iskar oxygen da ke narkewa zai ragu - wani lokacin ƙasa da 3 mg/L galibi ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin mafi ƙarancin yawan da aka yarda da shi ga yawancin nau'ikan ruwa da ake nomawa.
Dabbobin ƙasa suna shaƙa iska don samun iskar oxygen ta kwayoyin halitta, wadda ke shaƙa ta hanyar alveoli a cikin huhunsu. Kifi da jatan lande dole ne su shaƙa ruwa a cikin gills ɗinsu don shaƙar iskar oxygen ta cikin gills ɗinsu. Kokarin numfashi ko fitar da ruwa ta cikin gills yana buƙatar kuzari gwargwadon nauyin iska ko ruwan da ke ciki.
Za a ƙididdige nauyin iska da ruwa da dole ne a shaƙa ko a tura su don fallasa saman numfashi ga 1.0 mg na iskar oxygen ta kwayoyin halitta. Saboda iska tana da kashi 20.95 na iskar oxygen, kimanin 4.8 mg na iska zai ƙunshi iskar oxygen 1.0 mg.
A cikin wani tafki mai jatan lande mai ruwa mai ɗauke da gishirin ppt 30 a digiri 30-C (yawan ruwa = 1.0180 g/L) yawan iskar oxygen da aka narkar a lokacin da aka jike da yanayi shine 6.39 mg/L. Yawan ruwa mai lita 0.156 zai ƙunshi 1.0 mg na iskar oxygen, kuma zai ɗauki nauyin gram 159 (mg 159,000). Wannan ya ninka nauyin iska mai ɗauke da iskar oxygen mai nauyin 1.0 mg sau 33,125.
Ƙarin kuzarin da dabbobin ruwa ke kashewa
Jatan lande ko kifi dole ne su kashe kuzari mai yawa don samun daidai adadin iskar oxygen fiye da dabbar ƙasa. Matsalar tana ƙaruwa ne lokacin da yawan iskar oxygen da ke narkewa a cikin ruwa ya ragu saboda dole ne a tura ruwa mai yawa a kan gills don fallasa su ga iskar oxygen 1.0 mg.
Idan dabbobin ƙasa suka cire iskar oxygen daga iska, iskar oxygen za ta dawo cikin sauƙi, domin iskar tana yawo cikin 'yanci saboda ba ta da yawa kamar ruwa, misali, yawan iskar da ke digiri 25-C shine 1.18 g/L idan aka kwatanta da 995.65 g/L ga ruwan da ke da kyau a daidai wannan zafin. A tsarin kiwon kamun kifi, dole ne a maye gurbin iskar oxygen da kifi ko jatan lande suka narke da yaɗuwar iskar oxygen a cikin ruwa, kuma zagayawar ruwa ya zama dole don motsa iskar oxygen da aka narke daga saman ruwa zuwa ginshiƙin ruwa don kifi ko zuwa ƙasa don jatan lande. Ruwan ya fi iska nauyi kuma yana yawo a hankali fiye da iska, koda lokacin da zagayawar ruwa ke taimakawa ta hanyar amfani da na'urori kamar na'urorin sanyaya iska.
Ruwa yana ɗauke da ƙarancin iskar oxygen idan aka kwatanta da iska - a yanayin zafi da digiri 30-C, ruwan da ke cikinsa shine kashi 0.000754 na iskar oxygen (iska shine kashi 20.95 na iskar oxygen). Duk da cewa iskar oxygen ta kwayoyin halitta na iya shiga cikin saman ruwa cikin sauri, motsin iskar oxygen da aka narkar ta cikin dukkan nauyin ya dogara ne akan yadda iskar oxygen mai cike da ruwa a saman ke gauraya cikin ruwan ta hanyar convection. Babban kifi ko jatan lande biomass a cikin tafki na iya rage iskar oxygen da aka narkar da sauri.
Samar da iskar oxygen yana da wahala
Za a iya kwatanta wahalar samar da iskar oxygen ga kifi ko jatan lande kamar haka. Ka'idojin gwamnati sun ba da damar kimanin mutane 4.7 a kowace murabba'in mita a wuraren taron waje. A ce kowane mutum yana auna matsakaicin duniya na kilogiram 62, to za a sami kilogiram 2,914,000 a kowace ha. Kifi da jatan lande galibi suna da buƙatar iskar oxygen don numfashi kusan 300 mg na oxygen/kg na nauyin jiki a kowace awa. Wannan nauyin kifin zai iya rage iskar oxygen da aka narkar a cikin wani tafki mai ruwa mai girman cubic mita 10,000 da aka fara cika da iskar oxygen a digiri 30-C cikin kimanin mintuna 5, kuma dabbobin da aka saba da su za su shaƙe. Mutane dubu arba'in da bakwai a kowace hekta a wani taron waje ba za su fuskanci wata matsala ta numfashi ba bayan sa'o'i da yawa.
Iskar oxygen da ta narke muhimmin abu ne domin tana iya kashe dabbobin kiwon kamun kifi kai tsaye, amma a kowane lokaci, ƙarancin iskar oxygen da ke narkewa yana damuwa da dabbobin ruwa wanda ke haifar da rashin cin abinci, jinkirin girma da kuma saurin kamuwa da cututtuka.
Daidaita yawan dabbobi da abubuwan da ake ciyarwa
Rashin iskar oxygen da aka narkar yana da alaƙa da faruwar ƙwayoyin cuta masu guba a cikin ruwa. Waɗannan gubobi sun haɗa da carbon dioxide, ammonia, nitrite da sulfide. A matsayinka na gabaɗaya, a cikin tafkuna inda halayen ingancin ruwa na tushen ruwa suka dace da al'adun kifi da jatan lande, matsalolin ingancin ruwa za su zama ba a saba gani ba matuƙar an tabbatar da isasshen yawan iskar oxygen da aka narkar. Wannan yana buƙatar daidaita yawan saye da ciyarwa tare da wadatar iskar oxygen da aka narkar ta hanyar tushen halitta ko kuma tare da ƙarin iska a cikin tsarin al'adu.
A cikin al'adun ruwan kore a cikin tafkuna, yawan iskar oxygen da ke narkewa yana da matuƙar muhimmanci da daddare. Amma a cikin sabbin nau'ikan al'adu masu ƙarfi, buƙatar iskar oxygen da ke narkewa tana da yawa kuma yawan iskar oxygen da ke narkewa dole ne a ci gaba da kiyaye shi ta hanyar iskar gas ta inji.
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